Highlights from the 2024 Student Rights Conference

On July 18 and 19, 2024, educators, parents, legal professionals, and advocates joined both online and in-person to participate in AW Law’s First Annual Student Rights Conference. Hosted at The Childhood League campus in Columbus, Ohio, and the Corewell Health Southfield Center in Southfield, Michigan, this two-day event was carefully structured to cover a wide range of topics, with Day 1 focusing on special education rights and Day 2 broadening the scope to general student and parental rights.

Day 1: Special Education Rights

Day 1 of the conference kicked off with a deep dive into special education, offering invaluable insights for attendees navigating the complexities of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) and Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act. Presentations by AW Law attorneys and advocates, as well as local related service providers, equipped attendees with strategies to effectively collaborate with school districts to ensure their children receive the support they need. Sessions like “Walkthrough Sections of the IEP” and “Negotiation Tips & IEP Team Building” offered practical guidance on understanding Individual Education Programs (IEPs) and negotiating the best possible outcomes for students with disabilities.

A highlight of Day 1 was the panel discussion featuring representatives from various special education-focused organizations. This session not only provided a platform for these organizations to share their services but also offered parents a chance to ask questions and build connections that could support their advocacy efforts in the future. The day concluded with a networking reception, where attendees made valuable connections.

Day 2: Student and Parental Education Rights

Day 2 expanded the conversation to encompass broader issues of student and parental rights. AW Law Managing Partner Mark Weiker, Esq., opened the day with a compelling session on the challenges students face in navigating school discipline. This was followed by discussions on the evolving legal landscape of parental speech, the complexities of education record laws, and strategies for addressing bullying and harassment. Each session was designed to provide attendees with the knowledge and tools necessary to effectively for their students.

The conference also tackled contemporary issues such as the impact of social media on student lives and the legal challenges that can arise from its misuse. Sessions on topics like “Swipe Right: Legal Insights for Parents in the World of Sexting + Social Media” and “Title IX Sex-Based Harassment; School Obligations” were particularly relevant given the increasing role of social media in students’ lives. The conference closed with a discussion on school choice and special education scholarships, providing attendees with information on the various educational options available in Ohio and Michigan.

Overall, the Student Rights Conference 2024 was a success, bringing together a diverse group of stakeholders to discuss issues affecting students today. Attendees left equipped with knowledge and resources to help them navigate the educational landscape and advocate effectively for their children’s rights. We look forward to the Conference’s continued growth in 2025!

This summary was written by Ohio education attorney, Renee Stromski, with Abdnour Weiker, LLP. If you need assistance with an education law issue, please contact us at www.Lawyers4Students.com

Preparing Adolescents with Disabilities for “Real Life”

The world can inevitably be cruel and dangerous. In a perfect world, everyone would be kind, every place would be safe, and opportunities wouldn't depend on our financial circumstances. This is not the case. As unfortunate as it may be, the world can be even more challenging for our children with disabilities. 

It is an instinct to want to shield them from a world where they may be mistreated and discriminated against or to keep them close so that you can protect them from any danger that may surround them. This instinct undoubtedly increases as you find your child struggling with safety, social cues, and independence.

However, our children want to live fulfilling lives filled with work, love, and friends, just like any other person.

Love on the Spectrum is a docuseries on Netflix that follows individuals of all ages on the spectrum on their quest to find love. Throughout the show, here are some impactful quotes from individuals on the show: 

“I have so much love to give” —Journey, 18

“I really would like to have someone special with whom I can share the best moments of my life.” —James, 35

“I don't want to spend the rest of my life alone” —Connor, 24

“It would be nice for me to live on my own” —Dani, 28

In this unpredictable world, how can we support our children with disabilities in creating fulfilling lives while also preparing them for “real life”? Here is how:

1. Modeling: As you complete everyday tasks, walk your child through each step. Talk to them about what you are doing and why. Try to explicitly explain even the “small stuff,” such as volume/tone of voice, how to be appropriate in the given setting, etc. If you are at the grocery store with your child, for example, here are some things you can explain and discuss:

• Refrigerated vs non-refrigerated items

• Making a list of ingredients to buy

• Appropriately standing in line

• Greeting a cashier

• Who to ask if you can't find something

• How to pay for your items

2. Help them foster friendships and relationships: If we are honest, almost everyone has had difficulty in social situations. As we get older, we start to understand how to handle and thrive in social situations. Making small talk, building healthy relationships, and making friends becomes more manageable. For our children with disabilities, this instinct may not come naturally and often needs to be explicitly taught. Here are some things you can help your child work through:

• Personal space during conversations

• What qualities make a good friend and a bad friend

• What different facial expressions mean

• When hugging is appropriate

• What to do when you have a crush on someone

3. Talk about “What If” Scenarios: We can all agree that if the world were more black and white, life would make much more sense. Unfortunately, life seems to be a grey area, where preparing for some of the cards we are dealt is almost impossible. However, once we handle something new for the first time, it gets much easier each time. This is the same for our children with disabilities. Each time we intentionally expose them to “what-if” scenarios, we help them become equipped and prepared to handle similar situations the next time. Over time, this can lead to them being able to handle the problem independently. Here are some suggestions on “what-if” scenarios that you can help your child prepare for:

• What to do if someone sends a mean text

• What to do if your friend wants you to steal

• What to do if you can`t pay for something

• What to do if you get lost

• What if someone asks for your personal information

Whatever disability your child may face, our job is to foster independence and support them in creating happy lives—whatever that may look like to them.  

“Disability is natural. We must stop believing that disabilities keep a person from doing something. Because that's not true. Having a disability doesn't stop me from doing anything”.

-Benjamin Snow, 8th grade

Written by intern McKayla Crayton at Abdnour Weiker, LLP

http://www.Lawyers4Students.com

Special Education Basics: The Difference Between IEPs and 504s

Most parents of children with disabilities do not have extensive experience advocating for accommodations within their school system. In an ideal world, a school would promptly and properly identify the needs of students with disabilities and work to ensure parents understand their options. Since this ideal is not always upheld, it is important to understand the core tenets of special education law. One of the most common issues parents run into is understanding the difference between an Individualized Education Program (IEP) and a 504 Plan. Both IEPs and 504 Plans offer formal assistance and accommodations for K-12 students who are struggling in school. However, there are some key differences between the two.

An IEP is a written program that provides with specificity what, if any, free special education resources, services and supports will be put into place to meet your child’s unique needs. This includes any specialized instruction your child may engage in. The written IEP will also set specific learning goals for your child. The underlying law that applies with an IEP is the Individuals with Disabilities in Education Act (IDEA). This is a federal law focused on special education for children with disabilities.

A 504 Plan is a plan established by the school to determine what free supports and accommodations the school will put into place to ensure your child can learn alongside their peers in the classroom. Unlike an IEP, there is no standard 504 Plan and a 504 Plan need not necessarily be a written document - although most schools do produce written plans. A 504 Plan does not typically set specific learning goals like an IEP does. The underlying law that applies with a 504 Plan is Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973. This is a federal civil rights law that focuses on stopping discrimination against people with disabilities.

Under the IDEA, a parent or guardian must give written consent before a child is evaluated for IEP eligibility and give written consent before the school can begin implementing the services described in the IEP. Under Section 504, a parent must consent to an evaluation but it does not have to be in writing. An IEP must be reviewed at least once a year, and a child on an IEP must be re-evaluated every three years in order to determine if services are still needed. For a 504 Plan, the rules vary by state although most schools loosely follow the same timeline as an IEP.

So, how do you determine which of these two options would best suit your child? In order to qualify for an IEP, a student’s school performance must be adversely affected by one of thirteen qualifying disability categories under the IDEA. The child must need specialized instruction in order to progress in school. Conversely, to qualify for a 504 a child need only have any disability that interferes with the ability to learn and progress in a general education classroom setting. The disability must substantially limit one or more basic life activities for the student. Because the requirements to qualify for an IEP are stricter than those for a 504 Plan, a child who does not qualify for an IEP may still qualify for a 504 Plan.

If you think your child might need an IEP or a 504 Plan, reach out to your school administrators and request an evaluation for your child. If you have questions about your child’s IEP or 504 Plan, contact an education advocate or attorney.

Written by education attorney, Megan Mitchell at Abdnour Weiker, LLP

www.Lawyers4Students.com

What Can You do to Get the Most Out of Your Child’s IEP Meeting?

There is no denying that IEP meetings can be overwhelming and oftentimes, you go into them unprepared and leave feeling exhausted. However, this does not have to be the case. Below, I will list some tips that will help you get the most out of your child’s IEP meeting and ensure that you are able to meaningfully participate from start to finish.

What to do before the IEP meeting

Once the IEP meeting is scheduled, you need to get to work. To best prepare for the meeting, you need to gather your child’s most recent multifactored evaluation and progress reports from the last year. Also include your child’s grades. If you have received correspondence from your child’s teachers that document difficulties or successes, print those off and include them in your review.

Next, ask your child’s intervention specialist for a copy of the IEP draft at least one week beforehand. Make sure that your request is in writing. While not every school district is required to provide a draft copy of the IEP before the meeting, almost all districts do when asked.

Now that you have your documents to review and a draft copy of the IEP, it is time to get to work. When looking through the ETR, look closely at the educational needs section in all individual evaluators’ pages and the team summary. These areas of need should be reflected in the IEP somewhere. Most often, these needs will be transferred into goals and accommodations, but sometimes, the need may be listed in the profile if it is determined that a goal or accommodation is not necessary. If you do not see a need reflected in the IEP somewhere be sure to write it down so it can be addressed in the meeting. The progress report can guide you in determining if the goals written in the draft are appropriate based on your child’s progress on previous goals. Lastly, your child’s grades, work completion, and teacher notes can be helpful in developing services. Be sure to write everything down that you have questions or concerns about and send that list to the intervention specialist before the meeting, even if it is the morning of the meeting. This will ensure that everyone is on the same page, allow them to prepare, and highlight your concerns in the meeting.

What to do during the meeting

Meeting day has finally arrived. While having some anxiety about the meeting is normal, your preparation will help you feel more comfortable and confident in your approach. Take some deep breaths if you feel yourself getting elevated or upset and ask for a break if one is needed. If you have brought someone with you to the meeting, use a break to talk through questions you have with that individual.

Do not be afraid to ask questions or ask someone to clarify what has been discussed. It is easy for school staff to talk over you or to you but forget to include you in the conversation. Take notes while going through the meeting and jot down questions you have so you do not forget them. At the end of the meeting, ask the team those questions. If you were not able to talk through everything in the time allocated for the meeting, ask for a follow-up meeting. Make sure that you leave that IEP meeting feeling like a valued member of the team who was able to fully participate.

What to do after the meeting

After you have been able to process what was discussed during the meeting, follow up with team members if you have any additional questions or concerns. Sometimes, it takes a little bit of processing to fully grasp everything that went on. You should receive a Prior Written Notice and a copy of the IEP a day or two after the meeting, sometimes a little longer, but if you have not received these documents by a week after the meeting, be sure to ask for them. Read the IEP and make sure it is accurate and captures all changes discussed during the meeting. Additionally, read the Prior Written Notice to verify the accuracy of the events.

If the Prior Written Notice is not accurate, is misleading, or leaves out important information, you can email your account of what occurred and ask the school team to include your feedback with theirs. You can also ask that the team make changes to the Prior Written Notice to correct any errors. Store these documents in an electronic file or a physical file for your records. Continue to collect pieces of data that you receive throughout the year, including progress reports, to be prepared for next year’s IEP review. You've got this!!

Authored by Danielle Randolph, M.Ed, Ed.S, Advocate for Abdnour Weiker, LLP

Questions? Call us: 614-745-2001

Making the Most of Progress Reports for Special Education Students & Families

It’s that time of year again…the end of the grading period. As many of us know, having lived through it, students receive report cards with their grades at the end of each marking period (typically at the end of each quarter of the school year). At the same time, special education students will be receiving their individualized education plan (“IEP”) progress reports, as these reports must be distributed any time a grade card or interim is issued.  IEP progress reports measure student progress towards meeting their IEP goals. For many parents of students with special needs, receiving their child’s first progress report of the school year can be daunting. Not only is there a lot of information to digest, but the traditional anxiety of wondering whether your child is making progress in their education adds in to create a stressful experience.

Progress reports can be difficult to digest because there is a great deal of information provided within just a few pages. However, each piece of information is important in understanding your child’s success in their educational placement. Progress reports must contain the child’s annual goals, each goal’s objectives, and a summary of the measurable data used to access the student’s progress. Progress, in the form of measurable data, must be reported on each separate objective. For the most accurate representation of the student’s abilities, there should be at least three points of data for each objective. These data points may be called “inventories” on your progress report and tell the parent how the child has performed this marking period. The data point marked as “baseline” indicates where the student started. It is imperative that the child’s baseline data be provided in the progress reports in order to appropriately gauge the student’s progression and/or regression. From there, a parent or guardian can compare the student’s baseline data to their current data to evaluate their progress. It is important to remember to ensure that the measurement being used to monitor the student’s progress is the same measurement that is written in the IEP.

Progress reports must also include comments from the intervention specialist and/or related service provider collecting the data, and a description of the child’s progress toward meeting each goal in measurable terms and in clear, concise language. The comments from the intervention specialist should include the number of times your child was assessed and the manner in which your child was assessed, such as the time of day they were assessed and whether they were assessed in a one-on-one or small group setting. Any specific issues that may have impeded the student’s progress, such as excessive absences or refusal to participate, should be noted in the progress report as well. It is typical to see more information under each objective rather than under the annual goal itself; this is because the student is working toward meeting each objective in order to reach the overall goal. All of this information is provided to the parent in order for the parent to determine whether their child is making adequate progress in their education.

What is adequate progress, anyway? Well, it is unique to each student, given that each student’s IEP goals should be specifically tailored to the child. However, we can utilize the baseline, inventory, and target data to evaluate the student’s performance. For example, a student’s goal may be to decrease time spent demonstrating unexpected negative behaviors for less than fifteen minutes a day. That student may have had a baseline of demonstrating unexpected negative behaviors for 45 minutes a day. We can look at the inventories of measurable data to determine whether the student’s time spent demonstrating unexpected negative behaviors have decreased. At the end of the school year, the student is demonstrating unexpected negative behaviors for 20 minutes each day. The student did not meet their goal but was able to decrease their time by a significant amount, which is considered adequate progress. On the other hand, if that student was demonstrating behaviors for 70 minutes a day at the end of the school year, a movement from the baseline further away from the target, the data is showing regression. Parents should look at their child’s progress on each objective, as well as the overall goal, to determine whether their child is making appropriate progress.

What are the next steps that a parent can take after receiving an unfavorable progress report? Parents always have the right to call an IEP meeting at any time during the school year. If the student is not making adequate progress toward their goals, parents can use the data provided by the school to write new, more appropriate goals for the student. The Individuals with Disability Education Act (IDEA) states that the school must revise an IEP to “address any lack of expected progress toward annual goals.” Alternatively, if the student has regressed, parents can use this data to advocate for extended school year (ESY) services to combat regression of skills.

Although progress reporting periods can be a stressful time for families with students with special needs, parents can be assured that the flexible nature of an IEP will allow them to make necessary adjustments at any time. As a parent, advocating with our emotions can lead to further disputes with the school. However, advocating for your child with solid data can open the door to endless possibilities for appropriate special education services.

Written by Renee Stromski, Esq. of Abdnour Weiker, LLP

Questions? Call us! 614-745-2001

What happens if my child is suspended (or expelled)?!

There are a few certainties in life. Death and taxes, of course. But equally as certain is the fact that our children will make mistakes. Sometimes those mistakes are made in school, where the consequences might include removal from school in the form of a suspension or expulsion. (For now, we will ignore the sad irony of a school removing a student from the educational environment precisely at the moment when a learning opportunity presents itself.) It is important for students and parents to understand what rights exist for students facing suspension and expulsion in Ohio.  

To begin, prohibited conduct is typically outlined in the student handbook. Sometimes these handbooks outline a range of sanctions for prohibited conduct, but not always. Schools should punish within the range of sanctions, but often apply mitigating or aggravating factors to modify the punishment. School administrators have some discretion (or leeway) when they issue sanctions, but there are limits and procedural requirements that must be followed for every suspension or expulsion.  

First, as suggested above, the sanction should fall within the range outlined in the student handbook and be applied equally among all students. Especially when other students are involved in the same incident and/or accused of similar violations, one student should not be punished more harshly than another, all things being equal. Second, and more importantly, suspension and expulsion laws provide an accused student a right to timely notice and an opportunity for a hearing.  

For school suspensions (which in Ohio can be issued for anywhere between 1-10 days), a student/parent is entitled to written notice from the school of the intended suspension. This notice must contain the purported code of conduct violation resulting in the suspension. The suspension notice may be issued directly to the student without parental involvement. However, students/parents have a right to appeal any suspension issued. Students/parents must appeal within the time period provided on the written notice. The suspension appeal period can be very short, sometimes within 2-3 days of the notice.  

Appealing the suspension gives the student/parent a right to a hearing before the board of education (or before the board’s designated hearing officer). The student/parent may be represented by an attorney in this hearing, can present evidence and witnesses, and can provide a written or oral statement refuting any evidence provided by the school in support of suspension. If the outcome of this appeal is not favorable, the suspension may be appealed to the local court of common pleas.  

For school expulsions (which in Ohio can be issued for anywhere between 1-80 days, or longer for drug and weapons-related violations), a student and parent are entitled to written notice from the school of the intended expulsion and a right to a hearing before the expulsion is issued. The notice must contain the purported code of conduct violation resulting in the potential expulsion. Before any expulsion is issued, a hearing must be held with the school superintendent (or a designee), and the hearing must be held 3-5 days from the date the notice of intended expulsion is issued.  

A student/parent may be represented in the expulsion hearing and present evidence and witnesses, similar to the suspension appeal explained above. If the school decides to expel the student following the hearing, the superintendent or principal must notify the student and parent of the expulsion within one school day of making the decision. This notice of expulsion must include the reasons for the expulsion and notify the student/parent of the right to appeal the expulsion.  

Appealing the expulsion similarly gives the student/parent a right to a hearing before the board of education (or before the board’s designated hearing officer). The student/parent may also be represented by an attorney in this expulsion appeal hearing and present evidence and witnesses. If the outcome of this expulsion appeal is not favorable, the expulsion may be appealed to the local court of common pleas.  

It is very helpful to consult with an education attorney as soon as a notice of suspension or expulsion is issued, so that all options may be considered to avoid the suspension and/or expulsion.  

Written by Mark Weiker, Esq. with Abdnour Weiker, LLP

Questions? Call us: 614-745-2001

Parents: Three Steps to Take to Minimize the Impact of the Columbus City Schools Labor Strike on Your Children

Parents: Three Steps to Take to Minimize the Impact of the Columbus City Schools Labor Strike on Your Children

On Sunday, August 21, 2022, the members of the Columbus Education Association (“CEA”) voted overwhelmingly to go on strike, the first in the district since 1975. Classes are scheduled to begin on Wednesday, August 24. The Columbus City Schools Board of Education (“BOE”) has adopted an Alternative Opening Plan should the strike continue through the first day of school. 

Here are three important steps to take to minimize the impact to your child: 

• Send Them to School, Even if it’s Online. The Columbus City Schools BOE has adopted an online learning plan using substitute teachers should the strike continue. Regardless of how you feel about the strike, you should review the Asynchronous Learning Plan in advance. Be sure to look up the schedule and assignments and prepare your child(ren) to attend and complete those assignments when school starts on August 24. Importantly, sending your children to school does not indicate support for either the BOE or the union. Sending your children to school is also not considered “crossing the picket line,” a term that historically applies to employees reporting to work while their fellow union members are on strike. 

• Make it a Teachable Moment. Everyone retains information better when we experience it. While the strike is an unfortunate reality, you can also use it as an opportunity to explain the nature of the debate, as well as the history of labor strikes in the U.S. This is made much easier with YouTube videos like “The Labor Movement in the United States” and “A Brief History of Labor Unions,” among dozens of other online resources just for students. 

• Document Missing Services, Especially for Students with Disabilities. If your child receives specialized supports or services through an IEP or 504 Plan, you should record, in detail, exactly what accommodations, supports and services were not provided. The BOE’s obligation to provide an appropriate education to students with disabilities does not go away during a strike or because the curriculum is being delivered online. The BOE should provide access to live substitute therapists, private therapists and/or alternative placements for students who cannot learn or receive services online. Recording this information will help you recover any missed services later, which can be accomplished through an IEP meeting, mediation or by filing a written or due process complaint with the Ohio Department of Education. 

Authored by Mark Weiker, Esq. at Abdnour Weiker, LLP

Questions? Call us. 614-745-2001

HELP! I need to call a lawyer.

5 Things You Need to Know Before Contacting an Attorney 

1. Understand Your Deadlines & Call as Soon as You Have Them 

   If you only need to respond with your intent to appeal, do so as soon as possible to start the process. For K12 items, this can generally be done via email to your child's school principal's office. You can have an attorney do this for you should you consult and retain them within the deadline to submit your intent to appeal. 

   If you have a hearing scheduled or need to submit an appeal, contact a lawyer several days in advance of this deadline, if not at least a whole week prior. 

   If you have an interview or investigation meeting, follow the same advice as if this was a hearing or appeal submission and contact a lawyer ASAP. 
   

2. Documentation – Keep it Handy, But Share What is Requested 

   It is always helpful to keep all communications with your employer, school, university, an adverse party, etc., safe and secure. Attorneys will often request specific documents, i.e., IEPs, suspension notices, and ODE letters, so do have those ready to send. 

   As far as other communication goes, you can send these items to the firm you are contacting after scheduling a consult, though keep in mind that attorneys often will not have time to read each article in its entirety. 

3. Have a General Understanding of Your Goals for Contacting an Attorney 

   In many cases, your objective to remedy your situation is clear, getting your child re-enrolled in school, appealing a court decision, getting assistance through a hearing, etc. However, you may feel a more general sense that an injustice has occurred, and you would like to see action taken. In either situation, it is best to gather a sense of your goals as a client to effectively communicate to an attorney’s office what type of assistance you need. Even a brief list of goals will be enough to have a successful initial consultation. 

4. The First Person You Talk to at Their Office is Likely Not an Attorney (and They Did Not Do the Bad Thing to You) 

   This person, often an office administrator or intake coordinator, is here to answer questions about the firm you are contacting and create your file as a client. They will typically need to walk through a list of questions for their intake process and will likely have information to share with you about what that process entails.  

   Please keep in mind that they are the liaison between you and the attorney. They cannot control your case's outcome, answer any legal questions, or provide a remedy for the situation outside of getting you in touch with an attorney. 

5. Retainers, Flat Fees, Contingency Defined 

   While many attorneys operate on a retainer fee structure, the most well-known payment structure is often referred to on billboards and commercials as "you don't pay unless we win." To distinguish the former from the latter, here are some general definitions of typical payment structures that lawyers utilize: 

   Retainers - A fee that the client pays upfront to an attorney to commence representation, which is held in trust until the attorney works on/earns the fee. With each piece of work that the attorney does, that balance will deplete. 

   Flat Fees – A fee paid upfront to cover all work that the attorney will perform. This is a fixed amount and is generally non-refundable. 

   Contingency – The lawyer or firm only receives compensation if they successfully represent the client. Commonly known as "pay if we win." 

* Please Note: The Concept of "Wins" *

Many people seeking an attorney will want to know, "what is your firm's 'win-rate' or 'record?'" Frankly, that metric is not typically logged or measured as it is difficult to assess what a "win" is, given how different each client's goals usually are. Thus, keep in mind that many offices will not have a straightforward response for this as there is not a straightforward answer in many cases. 

Relief Has Been Denied in Most Anti-Masking Lawsuits Against Schools

Over the last two years, Ohio school boards have become a lightning rod for citizens to unload their personal and political thoughts on almost everything pandemic related. From virtual learning to masking to quarantining, school boards have absorbed the diverse and sometimes raucous opinions of their constituents. Outcomes in recent lawsuits suggest that courts are largely unwilling to interfere with the discretion of school boards to make unpopular decisions.

Montgomery County Schools Cases

In September 2021, the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Ohio in Dayton dismissed three separate lawsuits brought by pro se parents against three different Montgomery County Schools (Huber Heights City Schools, Mad River Local Schools and Northmont City Schools). The parents each alleged that the schools’ policies requiring masks were a violation of their children’s constitutional rights. The dismissals by the Court were not based on the merits of the claims, but rather on a rule prohibiting parents from filing pro se claims in federal court on behalf of their minor children.[i] The Court held that, “the rule against non-lawyer representation protects the rights of those before the court by preventing an ill-equipped layperson from squandering the rights of the party he purports to represent.”[ii]

Chillicothe City School District Case

On Nov. 1, 2021, four parents filed a lawsuit against the Chillicothe City School District and school administrators alleging that the school’s policy requiring masks was “arbitrary, capricious and based on ignorance due to failure to inquire into facts.”[iii] The parents’ pro se claims brought on behalf of their minor children were dismissed sua sponte by the Court for the same reason as those in the Montgomery County cases, while claims brought by the parents on their own behalf survived. Nonetheless, the parents’ request for a Temporary Restraining Order (TRO) was denied because the parents “[had] not shown that they [were] likely to succeed on the merits of the remaining claims or that irreparable injury would accrue from denying the motion.”[iv]

In addition to the Chillicothe case, at least two other cases included requests for a TRO by parent-plaintiffs, and the courts denied the requests in both cases.

Mayfield City School District Case

In September 2021, a parent in the Mayfield City School District sought a TRO against the school district because the school board was attempting to institute a mask requirement.[v] The parent argued that the mask mandate caused “immediate and irreparable harm” to students, staff, and the general community.[vi] The parent also alleged that the mandate was a violation of her daughter’s constitutional rights and impeded on her daughter’s fundamental right to a public education.[vii]

The Court denied the motion for TRO because the parent failed to meet the necessary elements, finding that masking did not impede on the student’s ability to attend school. The Court also found that there was likely no chance of irreparable harm to the plaintiff’s daughter or other minors should the mask mandate be allowed to stand.[viii] Notably, the Court identified that, “the mask mandate was implemented to prevent serious injury, illness, and death in the District and broader community…[and] the risks associated with not wearing a mask in public schools are well-documented and supported by scientific evidence.”[ix]

Forest Hills Local School District Case

In another case filed in September, a plaintiff in the Forest Hills Local School District took issue with the meeting in which the school board adopted the mask policy. The plaintiff alleged a violation of the Open Meetings Act[x] and sought a TRO preventing the school board from enforcing the mask requirement.[xi] The Court denied the relator’s request for a TRO after holding a conference with the parties.[xii] After the TRO was denied, the plaintiff filed an affidavit to have the judge disqualified due to the judge’s comments at the conference, but the Ohio Supreme Court determined that the judge was not prejudicial.[xiii]

Hudson City School District Case

A more recent case was filed by three parents in the Summit County Common Pleas Court on Jan. 10 against the Hudson City School District. The parents sought injunctive relief prohibiting the school district from enforcing masking and quarantine rules absent a health department order, among other requests for relief. As of February 7, 2022, no hearing on injunctive relief has been scheduled or held, and no such relief has been ordered by the court, although the case is still pending.

While some case dismissals have been procedural, and others are only denials of immediate injunctive relief, the outcomes to date indicate a reluctance on the part of Ohio courts to disrupt the difficult decisions made by local boards of education—at least when it comes to masks.

[i] See P.G. v. Huber Hts. City Schl Dist., 3:21-cv-257 (S.D. Ohio, Sept. 23, 2021), citing Shepherd v. Wellman, 313 F.3d 963, 970 (6th Cir. 2002).

[ii] Id., citing Bass v. Leatherwood, 788 F.3d 228, 230 (6th Cir. 2015).

[iii] Wettersten v. Chillicothe City Schl. Dist., 2:21-cv-5187 (S.D. Ohio, Nov. 1, 2021).

[iv] Id.

[v] P.M. v. Mayfield City Sch. Dist. Bd. of Educ., No. 1:21 CV 1711 (N.D. Ohio, Sept. 13, 2021).

[vi] Id. at 2.

[vii] Id.

[viii] Id.

[ix] Id. at 4.

[x] Doe v. Forest Hills Loc. Schl. Dist., A-2102899 (Hamilton Cty., Aug. 18, 2021) (documents sealed).

[xi] In Re Disqualification of Jenkins, No. 21-AP-114, ¶¶17-18 (Sep. 22, 2021).

[xii] Id.

[xiii] Id. at 2.

Mark Weiker, Esq., Abdnour Weiker, LLP

Lawyers4Students.com

Public schools with "mask optional" policies risk losing immunity.

A. The Choice

Boards of education in Ohio have been placed in a tough position to start the school year. Boards have been forced to choose whether to require masks for their students and employees. Schools were placed in this position because the state legislature effectively removed the power of the Governor and the Ohio Department of Health to issue mask mandates (and most other related health orders). 2021 Sub.S.B.  No. 22.

With this authority removed, the Ohio Department of Health can now only “recommend” that schools require masks for the upcoming school year. See, COVID-19 Health and Prevention Guidance for Ohio K-12 Schools, Ohio Department of Health (Rev. July 26, 2021). Some local health departments have more recently heightened this to “strongly recommend” full masking of all students since infections associated with the Delta variant have increased, just in time for the start of the school year. Mask Advisory Issued for All Residents Indoors Regardless of Vaccination Status, Franklin County Public Health Advisory (August 5, 2021).

The response by boards of education at public schools has been mixed. Some boards of education have appreciated the risk to students and employees articulated by local health authorities and have adopted a full masking requirement for the start of the 2021-2022 school year. Other boards have recognized the potential for an increased risk for the unvaccinated, including those age 11 and under who do not have access to a vaccine, and opted to require masks for everyone at the elementary level.

A surprising number of boards have opted for a completely voluntary mask policy, perhaps because they believe masking is a purely personal decision, or that the risks articulated by health departments and federal agencies are overstated. There’s been some healthy (and unhealthy) debate surrounding the issue, which has included a variety of reasons for schools opting to go “mask-optional.”

B. Sovereign Immunity; Exceptions Allowing Claims

One reason that boards may feel confident in adopting a mask-optional policy is because boards of education enjoy state sovereign immunity for decisions made in the exercise of their governmental functions. R.C. 2744.02(A)(1). School employees enjoy similar immunity for decisions made within the scope of their duties. R.C. 2744.03(A)(6).

Importantly, however, sovereign immunity is not absolute and the decision to go mask-optional could expose a school board--or a school employee recommending such a policy--to an increased risk of liability.

To begin, sovereign immunity does not apply to contract claims, claims that arise from an employment relationship with the school, or claims brought by an employee related to his or her “conditions…of employment.” R.C. 2744.09(A)-(C). Sovereign immunity also does not apply to “civil claims based upon alleged violations of the constitution or statutes of the United States.” R.C. 2744.09(E).

Therefore, one could easily imagine a teacher or other school employee asserting a claim that the employment agreement has been violated due to a voluntary masking policy in a pandemic, or that the conditions of employment have been improperly altered, making the employee more vulnerable to infection. Such a claim could be bolstered by high infection rates in any given school or by the fact that most school districts in the state required masks for all students and staff just last school year.

Sovereign immunity could also be side-stepped by any aggrieved party by asserting a claim under a federal statute or the U.S. Constitution. The federal statute possibilities are numerous, but the Americans With Disabilities Act would be one leading example, as this law requires reasonable accommodations to be made for students and employees with disabilities. 29 C.F.R. Part 1630, et seq. Other claims could come through the “state-created danger” theory under the Fourteenth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution, especially given that school-age children in Ohio are required by law to attend school. See, DeShaney v. Winnebago County Department of Social Services, 489 U.S. 189, 199-200 (1989)("[W]hen the State takes a person into its custody and holds him there against his will, the Constitution imposes upon it a corresponding duty to assume some responsibility for his safety and general well-being”); see also, R.C. 3321.01(A)(1)(compelling students in Ohio to attend school).

Further, while school employees (such as superintendents and principals) enjoy immunity protections similar to those provided to boards of education, this immunity does not apply where “the employee's acts or omissions were with malicious purpose, in bad faith, or in a wanton or reckless manner.” R.C. 2744.03(A)(6)(b). So, depending on the specific circumstances surrounding a risk of infection, or an actual transmission of the virus, there could be individual liability for school employees for school-level decisions that ignore a known risk, assuming the decision could reasonably be considered reckless, in bad faith or malicious.

In sum, there are very plausible exceptions to sovereign immunity for mask-optional policies.

C. Additional Immunity for Covid-Related Claims; Similar Exceptions

Notably, the Ohio legislature provided schools with another layer of immunity for Covid-related claims in 2020 with House Bill 606. This was signed by Governor DeWine on September 14, 2020, and provides in pertinent part:

No civil action for damages for injury, death, or loss to person or property shall be brought against any person [including schools and state institutions of higher education] if the cause of action on which the civil action is based, in whole or in part, is that the injury, death, or loss to person or property is caused by the exposure to, or the transmission or contraction of, MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV, or SARS-CoV-2, or any mutation thereof. 2020 Am.Sub.H.B. No. 606, §2(A).

However, an exception to this law exists for reckless and intentional conduct, very similar to the exception for sovereign immunity above. Immunity under H.B. 606 does not apply if, “it is established that the exposure to, or the transmission or contraction of, any of those viruses or mutations was by reckless conduct or intentional misconduct or willful or wanton misconduct on the part of the person [or school] against whom the action is brought.” Id. "Reckless conduct” is defined in the law as:

Conduct by  which, with heedless indifference  to the consequences, the person disregards a substantial and unjustifiable risk that the person's conduct is likely to cause an exposure to, or a transmission or contraction of, MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV, or SARS-CoV-2, or any mutation thereof, or is likely to be of a nature that results in an exposure to, or a transmission or contraction of, any of those viruses or mutations. Id., §2(D)(3).

To be sure, the same law prevents health orders and recommendations from being introduced as evidence in tort actions. Id., §2(B). Even so, the infection rates and/or exclusion of students from the classroom because of necessary quarantining could be enough to prove that any given school district violated a duty of care to its students or employees, and that the act of implementing a mask-optional policy was reckless. This is especially true where a school continues with a mask-optional policy despite an ongoing or increasing risk.

Finally, the immunity under house Bill 606 is temporary and is due to expire on September 30, 2021, unless it is extended by the legislature. Id., §2(E).

In sum, the immunity laws that boards of education, superintendents and principals may be relying upon may not be as strong as they think when they adopt a district-wide mask-optional policy. While the decision is within a board of education’s discretion, it should be made with caution and an understanding of this exposure.

Mark Weiker, Esq., Student and Educator Rights Attorney, Abdnour Weiker, LLP

www.Lawyers4Students.com

Updates on State Testing for Spring 2021: Ohio School Law

Does my child have to participate in spring testing?

We can all agree that 2020 was a year like we have never experienced before. The educational institutions tried their best to accommodate the changing situation and help support students the best that they could. One of those ways was to forgo the traditional state testing in the spring of 2020. As the new school year began and schools had a better plan in place for how they would educate our children, the state agreed to bring back the mandatory state testing but gave districts a lot of flexibility on when those tests would occur. This spring is no different.

Here are some facts from the Ohio Department of Education regarding the spring testing:

• Due to technology and test security requirements, there is no option to remotely administer state tests.

• Districts should prioritize safety while putting forth a good-faith effort to communicate with parents and students about the importance of assessments and the requirement to conduct testing on-site.

• Testing windows have been extended with many more options for districts to choose from. 

• No student should be retained for not meeting the promotion score or reading subscore on Ohio’s State Test for grade 3 English language arts unless the child’s principal and reading teacher decide otherwise. Meaning, the Third Grade Reading Guarantee has been changed for the 2020-2021 school year. 

• Federal and state laws require all districts and schools to test all students in specific grades and courses. There is no law that allows a parent or student to opt out of state testing, and there is no state test opt-out procedure or form. That being said, a parent can withdraw a child from participation in certain state tests, but there may be consequences for the student, the student’s teacher, and the school and district.

  • Districts and schools receive no credit when a student doesn’t participate in state testing. This can negatively impact a district’s state A-F report card grades.

  • Districts and schools cannot count students who do not take all required state tests in their average daily membership (ADM) for state funding.

  • Teachers will not have access to advanced diagnostic information from state tests, such as student growth projections, to help inform instruction.

  • A lack of state test scores can affect a student’s ability to graduate high school.

While I understand why a parent would not want to subject their child to a standardized assessment when the child’s learning has been significantly impacted this year, and mental health is a very serious concern for our kids, the school psychologist in me is telling you to let them take the test. Here is the thing, anxiety over these tests stems from the pressure that children feel to pass the test. That pressure comes from home and school. Take away the pressure and reassure your child that you could care less about their score. And when those scores do come home, put very little stock into what is on that paper. All our children have suffered one way or another this year and their educational progression has likely been impacted.  Be sympathetic to their situation. Listen and reaffirm their feelings. But I urge you not to remove this speedbump because when we are uncomfortable, but push on, we build character and resiliency. Our kids need to be resilient because there will be many moments in their lives when they will want to turn away from what makes them uncomfortable but doing so will stifle their personal growth.

Authored by Danielle Randolph, M.Ed., Ed.S., Special Education Advocate at Abdnour Weiker, LLP

Questions? Call us. 614-745-2001

Can I Leave Work to Attend an IEP Meeting?

FMLA LEAVE MAY BE AVAILABLE TO PARENTS TO ATTEND IEP MEETINGS 

On August 8, 2019, the U.S. Department of Labor, Wage and Hour Division (“the DOL”) issued guidance on whether an employee may take protected leave under the Family and Medical Leave Act (“FMLA”) to attend a meeting to discuss the Individualized Education Program (“IEP”) of the employee’s son or daughter. U.S. Dept. of Labor, WHD, FMLA 2019-2-A(August 8, 2019). 

1. FMLA Leave

As a starting point, FMLA provides that an employee eligible for FMLA may take up to 12 weeks of job-protected, unpaid FMLA leave per year “to care for the spouse, son,daughter, or parent, of the employee, if such spouse, son, daughter, or parent has a serious health condition.” 29 U.S.C. §2612(a)(1)(C); see also 29 U.S.C. §2611(11); 29 C.F.R. §825.112–.115.

2. IDEA and Related Services

Alternatively, the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (“IDEA”) requires public schools to develop an IEP for astudent who receives special education and related services, with input from the child, the child’s parents, teachers, school administrators, and related services personnel. Under IDEA, “related services” may include such services as audiology services, counseling services, medical services, physical therapy, psychological services, speech-language pathology services, rehabilitation counseling services, among others.

3. DOL Conclusion

Considering both statutes, the DOL instructed that attendance at IEP meetings does qualify FMLA-covered leave so long as the employee’s son or daughter suffers from a “serious health condition” as defined in the law. FMLA defines a “serious health condition” as an illness, injury, impairment, or physical or mental condition that involves inpatient care or continuing treatment by a healthcare provider. Many students receive “continuing treatment” by a healthcare provider pursuant to their IEP. 

4. FMLA Medical Certification

An employer may require the parent to provide a medical certification in order to verify the existence of the child’s serious health condition. This certification is a standard FMLA form issued by a health care provider, further supporting the request for leave. This certification would verify that the child’s condition qualifies as a “serious health condition” under FMLA. 

5. Parents Input is “Essential”

In issuing the guidance, the DOL recognized that the parents in question attend IEP meetings in order to “help make medical decisions concerning their children’s medically-prescribed speech, physical, and occupational therapy, to discuss their children’s wellbeing and progress with the providers of such services, and to ensure that their children’s schoolenvironment was suitable to their medical, social, and academic needs.” The DOL also instructed that, a parents’ attendance at IEP meetings is often “essential to [the parent’s] ability toprovide appropriate physical or psychological care” to theirchildren, further justifying the application of FMLA protected leave for IEP meetings. 

6. Intermittent Leave 

Under FMLA, an employee may use the leave intermittently or on a reduced leave schedule when medically necessary because of a family member’s serious health condition. 29 U.S.C. §2612(b)(1); 29 C.F.R. § 825.202. This means that the employee may apply the FMLA leave as-needed, for portions of a workday, rather than in a scheduled days or in continuous days. Intermittent leave is the type of leave most parents would need to request and use for IEP meetings. 

Finally, the DOL instructed that the child’s doctor does not need to be present at IEP meetings in order for the leave to qualify under FMLA. The conclusion provided by the DOL alsoapplies to any special education meetings held pursuant to IDEA. 

This article was authored by education and employment attorney, Mark A. Weiker. 

Questions? Call us: 614-745-2001

E+R=O: A Special Education Mindset

E + R = O: A Special Education Mindset

Fighting for an individualized and appropriate education

Let’s imagine you are not receiving progress reports on your child’s Individualized Education Plan (IEP). You have that parental instinct that something isn’t right. How do you stand up to district administrators, who are specifically trained in the field of education? Do you “let it go” and just hope everything works out? No! 

Urban Meyer led The Ohio State University Football Team to a National Title using this simple equation, E + R = O. The equation comes from the book Above the Line, coauthored by Meyer and Wayne Coffey. (Highly Recommended by #teamAW!) The book is not a focus on football, but on mindset and taking action. Which is what we need to do when advocating for our kids. Special Education is full of unexpected, emotional, and confusing events. From initial diagnosis to having a gut feeling that your child is not receiving the correct services to meet their individual needs. Now what?

It begins with a simple, powerful equation that affects everything we do.

EVENT: There are often unexpected, emotional, & confusing events

RESPONSE: Advocating for your child, by choosing your response

OUTCOME: Control of your child’s education is the outcome

The R factor is the most important. R is your response to the event that occurred at school, or your response to the feeling that your child is not thriving. Here are a few appropriate responses in the realm of Special Education:

1. Do your homework and research everything you can before walking into any meeting;

2. Understand the acronyms, and that an ETR and IEP can come down to semantics but have major consequences;

3. Be ready to justify what you are fighting for;

4. Be your child’s best advocate; sometimes you need help understanding, interpreting, and navigating the special education process. Whether it is you or you combined with an advocate for your child, make your response! 

In special education, the response can change the outcome of your child’s educational future. Advocate for your child. If you are told no, think of another response to control the outcome. 

Questions? Call us: 614-745-2001. We have the Special Education team to support you.

Dyslexia 101

Does your child struggle to read?

• Does your preschooler have trouble with common nursery rhymes, can’t learn and remember the names of the letters in the alphabet, or have a hard time recognizing common rhyming patters like cat, rat and bat?

• Does your kindergartener or first grader read “puppy” instead of the written “dog” when looking at an illustration? Does he or she have trouble sounding out words or connecting letters with sounds?

• If your child is a second grader or up to young adult, does reading come slowly, does he or she avoid it if at all possible?

• If in high school, is a foreign language almost impossible to learn?

• For all age groups, does your child have difficulty finding the right words to say, pronounce names and places incorrectly?

 What are your child’s strengths?

• Does your child have a great imagination, a good understanding of concepts, like to solve puzzles?

• Does your child have excellent verbal comprehension?

• Does your high school student have good thinking skills like reasoning and abstraction?

• Does he or she learn best by doing, or excel in areas not driven by reading?

• For more clues, please see The Yale Center for Dyslexia and Creativity, http://dyslexia.yale.edu/clues1.html.

If some or all of the above answers are positive, your child may have DYSLEXIA, a very common learning disability. Some experts say up to 80% of all people with learning disabilities have dyslexia.

Here’s the good news:

Dyslexia is treatable. Schools can help.

 What is dyslexia?

Dyslexia has nothing to do with intelligence. People with dyslexia are scientists, architects, authors and more. Go ahead, Google famous people with dyslexia. You’ll find lots of amazing people who have overcome their dyslexia and done incredible things.

You may be thinking that dyslexia is only about reversing letters, and your child doesn’t do that. Dyslexia is now understood to be a disorder of the language system in the brain.

Dyslexia “reflects a deficiency in the processing of the distinctive linguistic units, called phonemes, that make up all spoken and written words.” Shaywitz, S. (1996), Dyslexia: A New Model of the Reading Disorder Emphasizes Defects in the Language-Processing Rather than the Visual System, Scientific American, 275(5) 98.

That means that your child’s brain has trouble decoding words, or breaking words into their distinctive sounds.

Think of your brain like a bunch of paths in the forest. Typical readers can see the word “bed” three times, sound it out and remember it, and the fourth time they see the word, their brain sends a signal from the logic part to the long term memory part that what they are seeing is the word “bed.” The signal travels a distinctive or well-worn neural path from the logic to long-term memory. They’ve got it.

In a dyslexic brain, the neural path from logic to long-term memory is not distinctive or well worn. There may be branches or blocks preventing the signal from going though, or the path may be so lightly drawn that is really isn’t a path. Dyslexic readers will have to see and focus on the word “bed” over four hundred times to have it go to long-term memory!

Researchers at the Yale Center for Dyslexia and Creativity have taken numerous fMRIs of typical and dyslexic brain to show these differences.   Their website is a wonderful resource. Dr. Sally Shaywitz of the Yale Center also has a great book called Overcoming Dyslexia that is well worth reading, and has excellent pictures of the fMRIs.

What can you do?

The brain is most pliable and able to put down new neural pathways in childhood. The time to act is now – delays in reading prevent children from learning and will make them fall further and further behind in school. Teachers call the K-3 grades the “Learning to read” grades, and grades 4 and up “Reading to Learn.”

Dyslexia is not a life sentence!

Dyslexia is treatable. Evidenced-based multisensory programs like Orton Gillingham, Wilson Reading Method or LindaMood Bell are effective at teaching dyslexic students to read and actually lay down the neural pathways that are blocked or missing. The programs are multisensory and intensive, and while they take several years, if done correctly and by qualified teachers, they do work.

First things first: evaluate your child and find out exactly what is wrong.

If your car stops running, you have several options, but just knowing that the car doesn’t start is not enough to determine the problem. Reading problems are the same. You need to know specifically what is wrong so you can know the specific type of education intervention that is necessary.

The first thing you need is an evaluation to determine if your child has dyslexia. You can see a specialist privately, or you can ask your child’s school to evaluate. There are pros and cons to both methods. Private evaluations by qualified professionals can be costly, but if dyslexia is found, they will unequivocally state that your child has dyslexia and needs specific educational methods to address reading deficits.

Did you know that schools have the responsibility to identify children with disabilities?

A federal law called Individuals with Disabilities Education Act or IDEA makes states responsible for finding children with disabilities and then educating them according to their unique needs.   This means that Ohio has the responsibility to search out children with disabilities, from birth through age 21.

If you suspect your child may have dyslexia, you have the right to request an Evaluation from the school.

If the school determines your child has dyslexia, it will implement an Individualized Education Plan (IEP) tailored to his or her needs, and your child will receive the educational services he or she needs to learn how to read. If dyslexia is in your child’s evaluation, schools must use programs or curricula that are evidence-based to address the dyslexia.

 Is it really that easy?

In some enlightened school districts, it really is that easy. Unfortunately, most school districts make it very, very difficult. If you are running into roadblocks, consider hiring an advocate or attorney.

What if the school won’t conduct an evaluation?

At this point in the process, some school tell parents that they are going to try different interventions before evaluating the child. This is often called response to intervention (RTI). RTI sounds reasonable, but legally schools must try these interventions at the same time as they evaluate the child – they can’t unnecessarily delay an evaluation.

 What happens at an evaluation?

An evaluation must be completed within 60 days of getting your consent to evaluate. It must meet certain requirements. For example, an email telling you your child has been given one test and found not to have a disability is not an evaluation as Ohio defines it.   Some of the rules for an acceptable evaluation are:

• An evaluation should be done on a form called PR-06 (Evaluation Team Report),

• An evaluation team includes the parents, the child’s teacher, and many other staff from the school district.

• The team must formally meet to discuss the results of the evaluation,

• Parents must be given the report so that they can meaningfully participate in the meeting,

• The school must not use one single assessment to determine if your child has a disability, but use a variety of assessments and strategies, including information from the parents, the classroom teachers, and medical professionals if necessary.

What does the evaluation team decide?

The evaluation team has to decide three things at the meeting:

1. If the child has a disability

2. If that disability has an adverse effect on the child’s education, and

3. If the child needs special education and related services.

Individualized Education Program (IEP)

If the team decides the answer is yes to all three of the above questions, your child will be identified as having a disability, and the school will have 30 days to write an Individualized Education Plan, or IEP. Your child is covered under IDEA and has the right to specialized instruction and accommodations.

This is where is becomes very important to have “dyslexia” in the evaluation, not just “learning disability.” The goals and services of the IEP must be written specifically for your child with dyslexia, and must be tailored to actually provide educational services to address the dyslexia.

What if you disagree with the team’s determination?

Parents are a part of the evaluation team, but the school district makes the ultimate decision. If you disagree with the evaluation results, you are entitled to ask for an Independent Educational Evaluation (IEE) at pubic expense. This is an evaluation done by a non-school related professional. The school may not just deny your request, but must respond in one of two ways:

1. Grant you the IEE, or

2. Prove to a hearing officer that their decision was correct.

When should I bring in outside help?

Unfortunately, many schools put up roadblocks for students with dyslexia. District may not evaluate, may evaluate but not be specific enough in the report to find dyslexia, or may offer educational services that are not scientifically tailored to actually help. We have seen IEPS that only look at how fast a child reads, not whether they understand what they are reading. We’ve seen schools deny dyslexia as though it doesn’t exist, or blame behavioral problems on children when the underlying problem is their dyslexia. The school to prison pipeline for struggling readers is tragically all too real.

If your school is putting up roadblocks, consider bringing in a skilled advocate or attorney to help ensure that your child gets the appropriate educational services and accommodations. There is no reason children with dyslexia should struggle to read.

Questions? Call us! 614-745-2001